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diamond ore

  • 1 diamond ore

    алмазосодержащая руда

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > diamond ore

  • 2 diamond ore

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > diamond ore

  • 3 diamond ore

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > diamond ore

  • 4 diamond ore

    English-Russian mining dictionary > diamond ore

  • 5 ore

    to ore down — "рудить" плавку, добавлять руду в мартеновскую печь

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > ore

  • 6 алмазосодержащая руда

    diamond ore

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > алмазосодержащая руда

  • 7 алмазосодержащая руда

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > алмазосодержащая руда

  • 8 mine

    I 1. noun
    1) (for coal) Bergwerk, das; (for metal, diamonds, etc.) Bergwerk, das; Mine, die

    go or work down the mine — unter Tage arbeiten

    2) (fig.): (abundant source) unerschöpfliche Quelle

    he is a mine of useful facts/of information — von ihm kann man eine Menge Nützliches/eine Menge erfahren

    3) (explosive device) Mine, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) schürfen [Gold]; abbauen, fördern [Erz, Kohle, Schiefer]

    mine an area for ore — etc. in einem Gebiet Erz usw. abbauen od. fördern

    2) (Mil.): (lay mines in) verminen
    3. intransitive verb

    mine for — see 2. 1)

    II possessive pronoun
    1) pred. meiner/meine/mein[e]s; der/die/das meinige (geh.)

    you do your best and I'll do mine — du tust dein Bestes und ich auch

    those big feet of mine — meine großen Quanten (ugs.); see also academic.ru/34614/hers">hers

    2) attrib. (arch./poet.) mein
    * * *
    I pronoun
    (something which belongs to me: Are these pencils yours or mine? He is a friend of mine (= one of my friends).) mein/-e
    II 1. noun
    1) (a place (usually underground) from which metals, coal, salt etc are dug: a coalmine; My father worked in the mines.) die Mine
    2) (a type of bomb used underwater or placed just beneath the surface of the ground: The ship has been blown up by a mine.) die Mine
    2. verb
    1) (to dig (for metals etc) in a mine: Coal is mined near here.) schürfen
    2) (to place explosive mines in: They've mined the mouth of the river.) verminen
    3) (to blow up with mines: His ship was mined.) (durch Minen)sprengen
    •
    - miner
    - mining
    - minefield
    * * *
    mine1
    [maɪn]
    1. poss meine/meiner/meins [o geh meines]
    you go your way and I'll go \mine du gehst deinen Weg und ich den meinen [o veraltend meinigen] geh
    an old friend of \mine eine alte Freundin von mir
    victory is \mine der Sieg gehört mir
    2. det ( old: my) mein/meine
    mine2
    [maɪn]
    I. n
    1. (excavation) Bergwerk nt; ( fig: valuable source) Fundgrube f
    a diamond/copper \mine eine Diamanten-/Kupfermine
    a coal \mine eine Kohlengrube, Kohlenzeche
    to work in [or down] the \mines unter Tage arbeiten
    2. MIL (explosive) Mine f
    to clear an area of \mines ein Minenfeld räumen
    to plant [or lay] \mines Minen legen
    II. vt
    1. (obtain resources)
    to \mine coal/iron/diamonds Kohle/Eisen/Diamanten abbauen [o fördern]
    to \mine gold Gold schürfen
    2. (plant mines)
    to \mine an area ein Gebiet verminen
    3.
    ▶ to \mine a rich seam [or vein] of sth sich dat etw zunutze machen
    III. vi
    to \mine for coal/diamonds/silver/gold nach Kohle/Diamanten/Silber/Gold graben
    * * *
    I [maɪn]
    1. poss pron
    meine(r, s)

    this car is mine — das ist MEIN Auto, dieses Auto gehört mir

    is this mine? — gehört das mir?, ist das meine(r, s)?

    his friends and mine — seine und meine Freunde

    a friend of mine —

    no advice of mine could... — keiner meiner Ratschläge konnte...

    2. adj (obs)
    mein(e) II
    1. n
    1) (MIN) Bergwerk nt; (= gold mine, silver mine) Bergwerk nt, Mine f; (= coal mine) Zeche f, Bergwerk nt
    2) (MIL, NAUT ETC) Mine f
    3) (fig)

    he is a mine of information — er ist ein wandelndes Lexikon (inf)

    2. vt
    1) coal, metal fördern, abbauen; area Bergbau betreiben or Bodenschätze abbauen in (+dat)
    2) (MIL, NAUT) channel, road verminen; (= blow up) (mit einer Mine) sprengen
    3. vi
    Bergbau betreiben
    * * *
    mine1 [maın] poss pr meiner (meine, meines), der (die, das) meinige oder meine:
    this hat is mine das ist mein Hut, dieser Hut gehört mir;
    a friend of mine ein Freund von mir;
    his father and mine sein und mein Vater
    mine2 [maın]
    A v/i
    1. minieren
    2. mine for → B 1
    3. sich eingraben (Tiere)
    B v/t
    1. Erz, Kohle etc abbauen, fördern, Gold schürfen
    2. graben in (dat):
    mine an area for ore in einem Gebiet Erz abbauen oder fördern
    3. SCHIFF, MIL
    a) verminen
    b) durch Minen oder eine Mine zerstören
    4. fig untergraben, unterminieren
    5. ausgraben
    C s
    1. Mine f, Bergwerk n, Zeche f, Grube f
    2. SCHIFF, MIL Mine f:
    spring a mine eine Mine springen lassen (a. fig)
    3. fig Fundgrube f (of an dat):
    he’s a mine of information er ist eine gute oder reiche Informationsquelle
    4. BIOL Mine f, Fraßgang m
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) (for coal) Bergwerk, das; (for metal, diamonds, etc.) Bergwerk, das; Mine, die

    go or work down the mine — unter Tage arbeiten

    2) (fig.): (abundant source) unerschöpfliche Quelle

    he is a mine of useful facts/of information — von ihm kann man eine Menge Nützliches/eine Menge erfahren

    3) (explosive device) Mine, die
    2. transitive verb
    1) schürfen [Gold]; abbauen, fördern [Erz, Kohle, Schiefer]

    mine an area for ore — etc. in einem Gebiet Erz usw. abbauen od. fördern

    2) (Mil.): (lay mines in) verminen
    3. intransitive verb

    mine for — see 2. 1)

    II possessive pronoun
    1) pred. meiner/meine/mein[e]s; der/die/das meinige (geh.)
    2) attrib. (arch./poet.) mein
    * * *
    adj.
    mein adj.
    meiner adj. n.
    Bergwerk -e n.

    English-german dictionary > mine

  • 9 ♦ ring

    ♦ ring (1) /rɪŋ/
    n.
    1 anello; cerchio: a gold ring, un anello d'oro; wedding ring, fede (nuziale); engagement ring, anello di fidanzamento; She had a diamond ring on her middle finger, aveva un anello di diamante al dito medio; a ring of smoke, un anello di fumo; to sit [dance] in a ring, sedersi [danzare] in cerchio; rings in the water, cerchi nell'acqua; key ring, (anello) portachiavi; napkin ring, (anello) portatovagliolo; nose ring, anellino al naso
    3 collare, collarino ( di uccelli)
    4 rotella, disco ( di racchetta da sci)
    5 ( boxe) ring; quadrato; (fig.) la boxe, il pugilato
    6 (ipp.) ring; recinto dei cavalli ( nell'ippodromo); recinto del peso ( dei fantini); ( anche) zona degli allibratori
    8 banda di criminali; giro: a drug ring, un giro di droga
    9 (= circus ring) arena, pista ( di un circo equestre)
    10 (naut.) maniglione ( dell'ancora)
    11 (mecc.) anello, ghiera; (= piston ring) anello di pistone; fascia elastica; segmento
    12 (mat.) anello
    13 (ind. tess.) filatoio ad anelli; ring
    14 fornello ( a gas, elettrico, ecc.): gas ring, fornello a gas
    16 ( basket) anello; cerchio: to hit the ring, colpire (o prendere) il cerchio ( del canestro)
    17 ( ginnastica) – the rings, gli anelli
    ● ring-a-ring o' roses ( USA, ring-around-a-rosy, ring-around-the-rosy), girotondo ( gioco infantile) □ (mecc.) ring bevel gear, corona (dentata) conica □ ring binder, raccoglitore ad anelli □ (zool.) ring-dove, ( Columba palumbus) colombaccio; ( Streptopelia risoria) tortora domestica □ ring-fence, steccato di cinta; (fin.) allocazione di fondi a uno scopo preciso; stanziamento vincolato; ( anche) separazione giuridica e finanziaria (di un'azienda, un patrimonio, ecc.) □ ring finger, (dito) anulare □ ( boxe) ring floor, pavimento del ring □ (tecn., mecc.) ring gauge, calibro ad anello □ (mecc.) ring gear, corona dentata □ (autom.) ring junction, rotatoria □ (stor.) ring-mail, maglia di ferro; armatura a maglia □ (elettr.) ring main, circuito principale □ (zool.) ring-neck, uccello (o serpente) dal collare □ (zool.) ring-necked, dal collare □ (mecc.) ring nut, ghiera filettata □ (astron.) the rings of Saturn, gli anelli di Saturno □ ( boxe) ring post, paletto del ring □ ring-pull, linguetta metallica ( che si strappa) □ a ring-pull can, una lattina con apertura a strappo □ (autom.) ring road, (strada di) circonvallazione; raccordo anulare; tangenziale □ (fig., spec. boxe) ring-rusty, arrugginito; fuori allenamento □ (zool.) ring snake, serpente a strisce di colori diversi ( in genere); (spec.) ( Natrix natrix), biscia dal collare □ (mecc.) ring spanner, chiave poligonale doppia (o a stella doppia) □ ( boxe) ring steps, scaletta del ring □ ( d'uccello) ring-tailed, dalla coda ad anelli colorati □ ring tone ► ringtone □ ring-wall, muro di cinta □ to have rings round one's eyes, avere gli occhi cerchiati (o le occhiaie) □ (fig. fam.) to run rings round sb., dare dei punti a q.; surclassare q. □ (fig.) to throw one's hat into the ring, entrare in lizza (o in gara) □ (bot.) tree ring, anello annuale, anello di crescita ( di un albero).
    ♦ ring (2) /rɪŋ/
    n.
    1 suono ( di campana o simile); squillo ( di campanello, telefono); There was a ring at the door, c'è stato uno squillo di campanello alla porta; Every ring of the phone made me jump, ogni squillo del telefono mi faceva sobbalzare; the ring of laughter, lo squillare delle risa
    2 telefonata; colpo di telefono: to give sb. a ring, dare un colpo di telefono a q.; fare una telefonata a q.; DIALOGO → - Inviting someone to stay- I could give you a ring sometime next week and let you know, potrei darti un colpo di telefono la settimana prossima e farti sapere
    4 (fig.) accento; tono: There was a ring of sincerity in his voice, c'era un accento di sincerità nella sua voce; le sue parole suonavano sincere; The idea has a familiar ring ( to it), l'idea mi suona familiare; to have a ring of truth, suonare vero.
    (to) ring (1) /rɪŋ/
    v. t.
    1 accerchiare; circondare; Troops have ringed the city, le truppe hanno circondato la città
    2 cingere; circondare: Mountains ring the lake, il lago è circondato da montagne
    3 cerchiare ( errori, ecc. in rosso, blu, ecc.)
    4 radunare; far entrare ( il bestiame) nel recinto
    6 marcare ( un uccello) con un anello; mettere un anello alla zampa di ( un piccione, ecc.)
    7 ( cucina) fare a fettine rotonde ( una carota, ecc.); affettare ( verdura)
    ● to ring about (o around, round), circondare; fare cerchio intorno a: a village ringed around with hills, un paese circondato da colline; to ring round the important points, cerchiare i punti importanti.
    ♦ (to) ring (2) /rɪŋ/
    (pass. rang, p. p. rung)
    A v. i.
    1 suonare; squillare: The bells are ringing, suonano le campane; The phone rang and she sprang from the bed to answer it, è squillato il telefono ed è saltata giù dal letto per rispondere; The doorbell rang, hanno suonato il campanello (della porta); Coins rang on the table, le monete tintinnavano sul tavolo
    2 (ingl.) telefonare; chiamare: When did you ring?, quando hai telefonato?; I'm ringing about your ad for a flat to rent, chiamo per l'annuncio di un appartamento da affittare; to ring for a taxi, chiamare un taxi (al telefono)
    3 scampanellare; chiamare ( suonando il campanello): Did you ring, sir?, ha chiamato, signore?; to ring for the maid, chiamare la cameriera ( con il campanello)
    4 risuonare ( anche fig.); echeggiare: The garden rang with the cries of children, il giardino risuonava delle grida dei bambini; His voice rang with indignation, la sua voce vibrava di sdegno
    5 ( delle orecchie) fischiare; ronzare
    B v. t.
    1 suonare ( campane, ecc.): to ring the bell, suonare il campanello; to ring the bells, suonare le campane
    2 (ingl.) telefonare a (q.); chiamare: Ring me tomorrow, chiamami domani
    3 ( dell'orologio, ecc.) battere, suonare ( le ore): The chimes rang the hours, il carillon suonava le ore
    4 far risuonare; far tintinnare: to ring a coin, far tintinnare una moneta; battere una moneta ( per accertare che non sia falsa)
    ● to ring the alarm, suonare (o dare) l'allarme □ (fig.) to ring a bell, ricordare qualcosa; non essere nuovo (a q.): That name rings a bell, quel nome non mi è nuovo □ ( slang USA) to ring sb. 's bell, dare un orgasmo a q.; scopare q. (volg.) □ to ring the changes, (mus.) suonare le campane con le variazioni tipiche della tecnica inglese; (fig.) introdurre un po' di varietà: We usually drink wine, but sometimes ring the changes with a glass of beer, di solito beviamo vino, ma ogni tanto, per variare, beviamo un bicchiere di birra □ (teatr.) to ring down the curtain, calare il sipario □ (fig.) to ring down the curtain on st., scrivere la parola fine su qc. □ (fig.) to ring false [true, hollow], suonare falso [vero, insincero]: His promises rang false, le sue promesse suonavano false; His words rang hollow, le sue parole suonavano insincere □ (antiq.) to ring for dinner, suonare per il pranzo □ to ring the knell of, suonare a morto per (q.); (fig.) annunciare la fine di (qc.) □ to ring loud, risuonare alto □ to make sb. 's head ring, intronare le orecchie a q. □ to ring in sb. 's ears, risuonare nelle orecchie di q.: Her words were still ringing in my ears, le sue parole mi risuonavano ancora nelle orecchie.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ ring

  • 10 Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie

    [br]
    b. August 1860 Brittany, France
    d. 28 September 1935 Twickenham, England
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and photographer.
    [br]
    Dickson was born in France of English and Scottish parents. As a young man of almost 19 years, he wrote in 1879 to Thomas Edison in America, asking for a job. Edison replied that he was not taking on new staff at that time, but Dickson, with his mother and sisters, decided to emigrate anyway. In 1883 he contacted Edison again, and was given a job at the Goerk Street laboratory of the Edison Electric Works in New York. He soon assumed a position of responsibility as Superintendent, working on the development of electric light and power systems, and also carried out most of the photography Edison required. In 1888 he moved to the Edison West Orange laboratory, becoming Head of the ore-milling department. When Edison, inspired by Muybridge's sequence photographs of humans and animals in motion, decided to develop a motion picture apparatus, he gave the task to Dickson, whose considerable skills in mechanics, photography and electrical work made him the obvious choice. The first experiments, in 1888, were on a cylinder machine like the phonograph, in which the sequence pictures were to be taken in a spiral. This soon proved to be impractical, and work was delayed for a time while Dickson developed a new ore-milling machine. Little progress with the movie project was made until George Eastman's introduction in July 1889 of celluloid roll film, which was thin, tough, transparent and very flexible. Dickson returned to his experiments in the spring of 1891 and soon had working models of a film camera and viewer, the latter being demonstrated at the West Orange laboratory on 20 May 1891. By the early summer of 1892 the project had advanced sufficiently for commercial exploitation to begin. The Kinetograph camera used perforated 35 mm film (essentially the same as that still in use in the late twentieth century), and the kinetoscope, a peep-show viewer, took fifty feet of film running in an endless loop. Full-scale manufacture of the viewers started in 1893, and they were demonstrated on a number of occasions during that year. On 14 April 1894 the first kinetoscope parlour, with ten viewers, was opened to the public in New York. By the end of that year, the kinetoscope was seen by the public all over America and in Europe. Dickson had created the first commercially successful cinematograph system. Dickson left Edison's employment on 2 April 1895, and for a time worked with Woodville Latham on the development of his Panoptikon projector, a projection version of the kinetoscope. In December 1895 he joined with Herman Casier, Henry N.Marvin and Elias Koopman to form the American Mutoscope Company. Casier had designed the Mutoscope, an animated-picture viewer in which the sequences of pictures were printed on cards fixed radially to a drum and were flipped past the eye as the drum rotated. Dickson designed the Biograph wide-film camera to produce the picture sequences, and also a projector to show the films directly onto a screen. The large-format images gave pictures of high quality for the period; the Biograph went on public show in America in September 1896, and subsequently throughout the world, operating until around 1905. In May 1897 Dickson returned to England and set up as a producer of Biograph films, recording, among other subjects, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897, Pope Leo XIII in 1898, and scenes of the Boer War in 1899 and 1900. Many of the Biograph subjects were printed as reels for the Mutoscope to produce the "what the butler saw" machines which were a feature of fairgrounds and seaside arcades until modern times. Dickson's contact with the Biograph Company, and with it his involvement in cinematography, ceased in 1911.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Gordon Hendricks, 1961, The Edison Motion Picture Myth.
    —1966, The Kinetoscope.
    —1964, The Beginnings of the Biograph.
    BC

    Biographical history of technology > Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie

  • 11 dressing

    3) горн. обогащение
    4) цел.-бум. насечка (ковка) дефибрерного камня
    5) отделка; обрубка ( литья)
    10) обтёска ( камня), придание декоративной фактуры ( камню)
    12) мн. ч. элементы кладки повышенного качества
    13) полигр. декель
    14) отделка; очистка
    16) текст. аппретирование
    17) текст. шлихтование
    18) мн. ч. шлихтовальные или аппретурные средства, замасливатели
    19) свежевание ( туши); обработка (птицы, рыбы)
    20) просеивание (зерна, муки)
    •

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > dressing

  • 12 rock

    ̈ɪrɔk I сущ.
    1) а) скала, утес jagged, rugged rocks ≈ острые скалы, скалистый утес solid as a rock ≈ непреклонен как скала б) (с определенным артиклем с заглавной буквы) мыс Гибралтар в) горная порода;
    богатая руда г) камень, булыжник;
    камень для керлинга to throw a rock at ≈ кинуть в (кого-л.) камнем Syn: boulder д) подводный камень, риф;
    перен. причина неудачи, провала е) сл. драгоценный камень, брильянт Syn: diamond
    2) а) сл. яйца (мужские половые органы) get one's rocks off б) леденцовая карамель в) сл. крэк (форма героина) Syn: crack
    3) опора, нечто надежное, фундамент (также рел. по отношению к Христу как агенту спасения) Syn: foundation, support
    4) обыкн. амер. сл. деньга, монетка, доллар;
    мн. деньги
    5) амер. спорт сл. ошибка( в бейсболе) ∙ on the rocks run the rocks go upon the rocks see rocks ahead between the rock and the hard place II гл.
    1) убаюкивать, укачивать The movement of the train was rocking me to sleep. ≈ В поезде меня укачало, и я заснул. Syn: lull
    2) а) качать(ся), колебать(ся) ;
    диал. нетвердо стоять на ногах, идти, спотыкаясь to rock a cradle ≈ качать колыбель Syn: sway;
    stagger, reel б) трясти(сь), сотрясать(ся) A sudden hurricane blew out our lights and rocked our habitation. ≈ Внезапный порыв ветра задул огни и сотряс наше жилище. в) выводить из состояния душевного равновесия Has Troy seen about the Will? It'll rock them considerably. ≈ Трой уже видел завещание? Оно его потрясет. Syn: distress, perturb, upset, surprise, startle, dumbfound ∙ Syn: sway ∙ rocked in security III сущ.;
    уст. прялка Syn: spinning-wheel, distaff IV
    1. сущ. рок, рок-н-ролл (стиль музыки и танца) country rock ≈ кантри-рок, рокабилли Syn: rock'n'roll
    2. прил. в стиле рок rock music ≈ рок-музыка rock festival ≈ фестиваль рок-музыки
    3. гл.
    1) исполнять музыку в стиле "рок", играть рок
    2) танцевать рок, рок-н-ролл скала, утес - the boat was wrecked on a * лодка разбилась о скалу - as firm as a * твердый как скала (американизм) камень, булыжник горная порода;
    скальная порода - to build on a * (образное) заложить прочный фундамент, основываться на чем-л. прочном - * decay (геология) выветривание пород - * excavation( специальное) скальные работы - * exposure( геология) обнажение породы причина несчастья, неудачи или провала - the * on which we split причина несчастий, крушения надежд и т. п. рокк (леденцовая карамель) обыкн. pl (американизм) (сленг) деньги - to pile up the *s много зарабатывать( сленг) брильянт (разговорное) кусочек льда (для напитков) (разговорное) глупая ошибка - to pull a * сделать промах, допустить оплошность > on the *s "на мели", без гроша;
    в тяжелом положении;
    (американизм) со льдом (о напитке) > rye on the *s виски со льдом > to go /to run/ upon the *s потерпеть крушение;
    встретить неодолимые препятствия;
    обанкротиться, разориться;
    вылететь в трубу > to see *s ahead видеть перед собой опасность > the R. of Ages (религия) Христос > between a * and a hard place (американизм) в безвыходном положении качание, колебание;
    тряска качать, колебать - to * a cradle качать колыбель - to * oneself from side to side качаться из стороны в сторону - the waves *ed the boat волны качали лодку качаться, колебаться - the trees * in the wind деревья качаются на ветру трясти;
    трястись - the explosion made the whole house * от взрыва весь дом зашатался - he *ed with laughter он затрясся от смеха укачивать, убаюкивать - * the baby to sleep убаюкайте ребенка - to * a child in a cradle укачивать ребенка в колыбели - the movement of the ship *ed us to sleep мы заснули под слабое покачивание корабля - *ed in security( образное) беспечный, не подозревающий об опасности расстраивать, приводить в волнение( разговорное) поразить, ошеломить, потрясти - everyone was *ed by the verdict приговор потряс всех( горное) промывать в лотке - to * gravel for gold мыть золотоносный песок промываться - this ore *s slowly такая руда промывается медленно > to * the boat вносить разлад, мешать слаженной работе( коллектива и т. п.) рок (стиль музыки и танца;
    тж. rock'n'roll) в стиле рок - * music рок-музыка - * festival фестиваль рок-музыки исполнять в стиле "рок" (музыку) танцевать под рок-музыку (устаревшее) прялка ~ качать(ся) ;
    колебать(-ся) ;
    трясти(сь) ;
    he rocked with laughter он затрясся от смеха on the rocks = "на мели";
    в стесненных обстоятельствах on the rocks = со льдом (о напитке) rock (the R.) Гибралтар ~ горная порода ~ (обыкн. pl) амер. sl. деньги ~ камень;
    булыжник ~ качать(ся) ;
    колебать(-ся) ;
    трясти(сь) ;
    he rocked with laughter он затрясся от смеха ~ леденцовая карамель ~ опора, нечто надежное ~ причина неудачи или провала ~ уст. прялка ~ скала, утес ~ укачивать, убаюкивать;
    rocked in security беспечный, не подозревающий об опасности ~ attr. горный;
    каменный ~ sl. брильянт ~ укачивать, убаюкивать;
    rocked in security беспечный, не подозревающий об опасности to run (или to go) upon the ~s натыкаться на непреодолимые препятствия;
    to see rocks ahead видеть перед собой опасности to run (или to go) upon the ~s потерпеть крушение to run (или to go) upon the ~s натыкаться на непреодолимые препятствия;
    to see rocks ahead видеть перед собой опасности

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > rock

  • 13 sintered


    1) спеченный
    2) синтерированный
    3) сцементированный
    4) машиностр. металлизованный
    5) плавленный ∙ sintered diamond powder ≈ тех. дисмит - sintered alloy - sintered bar - sintered lining - sintered material - sintered ore( специальное) спеченный, синтерированный

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > sintered

  • 14 mine

    •

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > mine

  • 15 pass

    1) проход || проходить
    2) горн. людской ходок
    8) русло; канал; фарватер; судовой ход
    9) пропускать ( воду) через сооружение
    13) сварка валик; (узкий) шов; проход
    21) текст. проборка
    •
    in two passes — за два прохода;
    to pass into — переходить в..., превращаться;
    to leave the pass — выходить из калибра;
    to pass on — 1. проходить 2. передавать;
    -
    angle pass
    -
    assembly pass
    -
    atmospheric pass
    -
    backing pass
    -
    back pass
    -
    backward pass
    -
    bar pass
    -
    bastard oval pass
    -
    beam pass
    -
    blind pass
    -
    blooming pass
    -
    bloom pass
    -
    box pass
    -
    breakdown pass
    -
    broken pass
    -
    butterfly angles pass
    -
    cover pass
    -
    dead beam pass
    -
    dead pass
    -
    Denil pass
    -
    diagonal beam pass
    -
    diamond-square passes
    -
    early pass
    -
    edging pass
    -
    filler pass
    -
    finishing pass
    -
    fish pass
    -
    flat pass
    -
    fluted square pass
    -
    former pass
    -
    forming pass
    -
    forward pass
    -
    hat pass
    -
    ice pass
    -
    idle pass
    -
    last broadside pass
    -
    leader pass
    -
    leveling pass
    -
    live pass
    -
    multiple pass
    -
    navigable pass
    -
    navigation pass
    -
    normalizing pass
    -
    odd-numbered pass
    -
    ore pass
    -
    oval-round guide passes
    -
    oval-square passes
    -
    overfall fish pass
    -
    overfilled pass
    -
    pass of electron
    -
    pass of light
    -
    pass of spark
    -
    pinch pass
    -
    point pass
    -
    pool-type fish pass
    -
    pool fish pass
    -
    preleader pass
    -
    reduced pass
    -
    reducing pass
    -
    rod pass
    -
    roller pass
    -
    roll pass
    -
    root pass
    -
    roughing pass
    -
    rough pass
    -
    shaping pass
    -
    sheet pass
    -
    single pass
    -
    sizing pass
    -
    skin pass
    -
    skip pass
    -
    slitting pass
    -
    stabbing pass
    -
    stage pass
    -
    steep channel fish pass
    -
    straight pass
    -
    strip pass
    -
    tongue-and-groove pass
    -
    underfilled pass
    -
    upper pass
    -
    vertical pass
    -
    waste pass
    -
    wear pass
    -
    weir-type fish pass
    -
    zee-bar pass

    Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > pass

  • 16 pipe

    1. вертикальное цилиндрическое рудное тело, рудный столб 2. трубка взрыва, вулканическая трубка 3. интрузивная трубка 4. трубка гейзера 5. осадочная трубка 6. плоский пузырёк (лавы) 7. трубка, труба
    breccia pipe трубка взрыва, вулканическая трубка
    casing pipe обсадная труба
    clastic pipe кластическая трубка
    coal pipe угольная трубка (углефицированный захороненный ствол дерева)
    conductor pipe направляющая труба
    diamond pipe алмазоносная трубка
    drill pipe бурильная труба
    drive pipe обсадная труба
    geyser pipe трубка гейзера
    gravel pipe гравийная трубка
    ore pipe см. pipe 1.
    sand pipe песчаная трубка
    sandstone pipe песчаниковая трубка
    solution pipe трубка растворения
    standing pipe обсадная труба
    surface pipe кондуктор (1. первая колонна обсадных труб, перекрывающая верховодку и верхний горизонт грунтовых вод 2. проводник шлама через рыхлые близповерхностные породы)
    volcanic pipe трубка взрыва, вулканическая трубка
    * * *
    • вертикальная цилиндрическая масса вулканического агломерата, в котором встречаются алмазы

    English-Russian dictionary of geology > pipe

  • 17 structure

    1. структура (1. макроскопические особенности масс или толщ горных пород, обычно лучше всего наблюдаемые в обнажениях и отражающие неоднородность пород 2. общее расположение, залегание, распределение или относительное положение масс пород в данной области или регионе 3. форма или строение)
    off the structure вдали от свода структуры
    on the structure у свода структуры, на структуре 2. текстура
    aggregate structure крист. агрегатное строение
    air-heave structure текстура воздушного вспучивания
    air-pocket structure текстура воздушных карманов
    algal structure водорослевая структура
    aligned current structure директивная, направленная структура
    allotriomorphic structure аллотриоморфная структура
    amygdaloidal structure миндалекаменная структура
    antidune-line structure антидюнная структура
    araucarian structure араукариевый тип строения (растения)
    arborescent structure дендритовая структура
    arched structure сводообразная структура
    areal structure 1. региональная тектоника 2. региональная структура
    ash structure пепловая структура
    ataxic structure атакситовая текстура
    atoll structure атолловая [кольцеобразная] структура
    augen structure очковая структура
    autoclastic structure автокластическая структура (механического брекчирования)
    auto-injection structure автоинъекционная структура
    axial structure осевая структура
    bald-headed structure антиклинальная структура, сводовая часть которой эродирована
    ball structure 1. шаровая структура 2. структура шарового угля
    ball-and-pillow structure шарово-подушечная структура.
    balled-up structure узелковые стяжения алевритового материала
    banded structure полосчатая структура
    basal structure базальная структура
    basaltic structure базальтовая структура
    basement structure структура основания (строение пород, подстилающих осадочный чехол)
    basic structures основные структуры
    basin-range structure структура бассейнов (впадин) и хребтов
    bedded structure слоистая текстура
    bird's-eye structure мелкокавернозная структура
    bladed structure плосковытянутая [удлинённо-пластинчатая] структура (кристаллов)
    blastogranitic structure бластогранитовая структура
    blastopelitic structure бластопелитовая структура
    blastophitic structure бластофитовая структура
    blastoporphyritic structure бластопорфировая структура
    blastopsammitic structure бластопсаммитовая структура
    blastopsephitic structure бластопсефитовая структура
    block structures блоковые [глыбовые] горы
    bogen structure оскольчатая стекловатая структура (лав)
    book structure листоватая структура
    bookhouse structure структура плотных каолиновых глин
    botryoidal structure гроздевидная структура
    box structure коробчатая структура
    branching structure ветвящаяся структура
    broken-plate structure структура разбитой тарелки
    buried structure погребённая структура
    burrow structure структура, образованная ископаемыми следами организмов
    cancellated structure ситовидная [канцеллятная] структура
    cardhouse structure структура «карточного домика» (некоторых морских осадков)
    cataclastic structure катакластическая [порфирито-кластическая] структура
    cavernous structure кавернозная структура
    cedar-tree structure кедровый лакколит (в котором силлоподобные залежи утоняются в стороны от центрального интрузивного тела)
    cell(ular) structure ячеистая [сетчатая] структура
    chain structure цепочечная структура
    chaos structure хаотическая структура
    chessboard structure шахматная структура
    chimney like structure трубообразная структура
    chitin structure пал. хитиновое строение
    circular structure кольцевая структура
    cleavage structure сланцеватая структура
    closed structure замкнутая структура
    close-grained structure плотнозернистая структура
    close-packed structure структура с плотной упаковкой
    coagulation structure коагуляционная структура, структура студенистых осадков
    coarse eye structure грубоочковая структура
    coarsely vesicular structure грубопузыристая структура
    cockade structure кокардовая [кольчатая] структура
    cockscomb structure гребенчатая структура
    collapse structure структура обрушения
    colloform structure коллоформная структура
    colloidal structure коллоидальная структура
    columnar structure 1. столбчатая [шестоватая] структура 2. столбчатая отдельность
    comb structure гребенчатая структура
    competent structure компетентная структура
    complementary structures сопряжённые [взаимосвязанные] структуры
    complicated structure сложная структура
    composed fan structure сложная веерообразная структура
    compound structure двухъярусная структура
    concentric zonal structure концентрически-зональная структура
    conchoidal structure раковистая структура
    concretionary structure конкреционная структура
    cone-in-cone structure структура «конус в конусе»
    consertal structure консертальная [разнозернистая] структура
    contorted structure смятая структура
    convergent structure конвергентная структура
    core-and-shell structure структура ядра и оболочки
    cornice structure карнизная [навесная] структура
    corona structure венцовая [венчиковая] структура
    corrugated structure гофрированная структура; плойчатая структура
    covered structure скрытая структура
    crape structure структура давления
    cross-hatching structure перекрёстная структура
    crumble structure структура растрескивания
    crush structure структура дробления
    cryptocrystalline structure криптокристаллическая структура
    cryptoexplosion structure криптоэксплозивная структура
    cryptovolcanic structure криптовулканическая структура
    crystal structure 1. кристаллическая структура 2. структура кристалла
    crystalline structure кристаллическая структура
    cup-and ball structure шарово-гнездовая структура
    curved structure волнистая структура
    cylindrical structure цилиндрическая структура
    dactylitic structure дактилитовая структура
    damped-wave structures затухающие кольцевые структуры
    decken structure покровная структура
    decussate structure крестообразная структура
    deep-seated structure глубинная структура
    deformation structure деформационная структура
    delta structure дельтовая структура
    dendritic structure- дендритовая структура
    derivative structure производная структура
    diabasic structure диабазовая структура
    diadactic structure диатактическая текстура
    diamond structure алмазная структура
    diapir structure диапировая структура
    diapir salt structure диапировая соляная структура
    dip-and-fault structure структура уклонов и сбросов
    directional structure директивная [направленная] структура
    directionless structure нерассланцованная структура; структура без определённого направления
    dish structure блюдцеобразная структура
    disorder(ed) structure разупорядоченная структура
    divergent structure разветвлённая структура
    diverse structure разнотипная структура
    dohyaline structure догиалиновая структура
    domain structure доменная структура
    dome structure куполообразная структура
    double-fold structure сложноскладчатая структура
    doughnut structure доунатовая [друмлиновая] структура
    downward facing structure перевёрнутая [опрокинутая] структура
    drusy structure друзовая структура
    dune-like structure дюнообразная структура
    ebb and flow structure строение толщи горных пород, характеризующееся чередованием горизонтально- и косозалегающих слоев
    ellipsoidal structure эллипсоидальная структура
    emulsion structure эмульсионная структура
    enterolithic structure энтеролитовая текстура
    entoolitic structure энтоолитовая структура
    eozoon structure эозоновая структура
    eutectic structure эвтектическая структура
    external structure внешнее строение
    eye structure очковая структура
    eye-and-eyebrow structure структура (некоторых риолитов), напоминающая глаз и бровь
    fairy-castle structure структура (микрорельефа лунной поверхности), напоминающая волшебный замок
    fan structure веерообразная структура
    faulted structure сбросово-глыбовое строение
    feathered structure перистое строение
    felted structure спутанно-волокнистая [войлочная, пилотакситовая] структура
    festoon structure фестончатая структура
    fibrous structure волокнистая структура
    fibrous-radiated structure волокнисто-лучистая структура
    filiform structure нитевидная структура
    fine-cellular structure мелкоячеистая структура
    fine eye structure мелкоочковая структура
    fine-grating — тонкосетчатая структура
    flaky schistose structure чешуйчато-сланцеватая текстура
    flame structure пламенная структура
    flame-like structure пламевидная структура
    flaser structure флазерная [полосчатая] структура
    flexure structure флексурная структура
    flow structure флюидальная структура, структура течения
    flow-and-plunge structure структура течения и ныряния (разновидность косой слоистости)
    foamy structure пенистая структура
    foliaceous structure сланцеватая [листоватая, полосчатая] структура
    foliated structure рассланцованная структура
    foliation structure сланцеватая [листоватая, полосчатая] структура
    framework structure 1. каркасная структура 2. тектоническая структура
    frost structure of soil структура мёрзлой почвы
    glass structure стекловатая структура
    globular structure шаровидная [сферолитовая] структура
    glomeroblastic structure гломеробластовая структура
    gneissic structure гнейсовая структура
    gneissoid structure гнейсовидная структура
    goffering structure гофрированная структура
    grain [granular] structure зернистая структура
    granular cleavable structure зернисто-сланцеватая структура
    granulitic structure гранулитовая структура
    graphic structure графическая структура
    grating structure сетчатая [решётчатая] структура
    gravity-collapse structure структура гравитационного оседания
    gross structure макроструктура
    hacksaw structure гребенчатая структура
    hammock structure «гамачная» структура (пересечение под острым углом двух систем трещин или жил)
    hassock structure волнистое напластование (разновидность конволютной слоистости)
    healed structure крустифицированная структура
    helicitic structure гелицитовая структура
    herringbone structure перистая структура
    heteroblastic structure гетеробластовая структура
    highly folded structure интенсивно-складчатая структура
    homoeoblastic structure гомеобластовая структура
    honeycomb structure сотовая структура
    hourglass structure структура песочных часов
    hypautomorphic structure гипавтоморфная структура
    hypidiomorphic structure гипидиоморфная структура
    ice structure структура льда (изъян кристалла алмаза или другого драгоценного камня, обычно в виде группы трещин около включения инородной частицы)
    ice-flower structure структура ледяных узоров (вурцита)
    imbricated structure чешуйчатая структура
    impalpable structure супермелкозернистая структура
    implication structure импликационная структура, структура прорастания
    inferred structure предполагаемая структура
    internal structure внутренняя структура
    involved fold structure структура с интенсивной внутренней складчатостью
    kelyphitic structure келифитовая структура
    kink structure коленчатая структура
    lamellar structure пластинчатая структура
    lamellar-stellate structure пластинчато-звездчатая структура
    laminated structure пластинчатая структура
    laminated flow structure полосчатая флюидальная структура
    lamprophyric structure лампрофировая структура
    large prismatic structure крупнопризматическая структура
    lateral structure боковая структура
    layer structure слоистая структура
    lenticular structure линзообразная структура
    lignitic structure лигнитовая структура
    linear structure линейная структура
    linear flow structure плоскостная текстура течения
    linear-parallel structure линейно-параллельная структура
    load-flow structure структура нагрузки потока
    lobate plunge structure отпечаток выемки, рифлёный отпечаток
    lump structure комковатая структура
    maculose structure пятнистая структура
    magnophyric structure крупнопорфировая структура
    mammilary structure сосцевидная [караваеобразная, подушечная] структура
    massive structure массивная структура
    medium structure среднезернистая структура
    megaphyric structure мегафировая [крупнопорфировая] структура
    mesh structure ячеистая структура
    mesoscopic structure мезоскопическая структура, мезоструктура
    metacolloid structure метаколлоидная структура
    micaceous structure слюдистая структура
    microcrystalfine structure микрокристаллическая структура
    migration structure миграционная структура
    miniphyritic structure микропорфировая структура
    mortar structure порфирокластическая структура
    mosaic structure мозаичная структура
    mossy structure моховая [моховидная] структура
    mottled structure крапчатая [пятнистая] структура
    mound structure структура ямок и бугорков
    mountain structure горная структура
    mullion structure муллион-структура, брусчатая структура
    murbruk structure порфирокластическая структура
    myrmekite structure мирмекитовая структура
    nappe structure покровная структура
    net structure петельчатая [сетчатая] структура
    network structure каркасная структура
    nodular structure желваковая [конкреционная, нодулярная]структура
    normal fold structure нормальная складчатая структура
    ocellar structure оцеллярная [глазковая] структура
    offset structure структура разрыва, структура смещения
    open structure открытая структура
    open-packed structure структура с неплотной упаковкой
    open-space structure структура заполнения пустот
    orbicular structure орбикулярная [шаровидная, сфероидальная] структура
    order structure упорядоченная структура
    ore structure рудная структура
    original structure первоначальная структура
    overlapped structure перекрытая [покровная] структура
    paleocurrent structure направленная структура
    palimpsest structure палимпсестовая структура
    parallel-banded structure параллельная структура
    peg structure каркасная структура
    pellet structure пеллетовая структура
    pell-mell structure беспорядочная структура
    pencil structure карандашеобразиая структура
    penecontemporaneous structure постседиментационная структура
    percrystalline structure полнораскристаллизованная структура
    perhyaline structure пергиалиновая структура
    periclinal structure периклинальная структура
    perlitic structure перлитовая структура
    phacoidal structure факоидальная структура
    pillow structure 1. сосцевидная [караваеобразная, подушечная] структура 2. подушечная отдельность
    pillow-lava structure подушечно-лавовая структура
    pilotaxitic structure пилотакситовая структура
    pinch-and-swell structure чётковидная структура
    piperno structure пиперновая структура
    pisolitic structure пизолитовая структура
    pit structure мелкоямчатая структура
    pit and mound structure структура ямок и бугорков
    planar structure плоскостная структура
    planparallel structure согласная структура
    platy flow structure плоскостная [планпараллельная] структура течения
    plicated structure складчатая структура
    plicated schistose structure складчато-слашхеватая структура
    plume structure перистая структура
    poor meshed structure слабовыраженная решётчатая структура
    porous structure пористая структура
    porphyroblastic structure порфиробластовая структура
    porphyroclastic structure порфирокластическая структура
    porphyrotopic structure порфиротспная структура
    posthumous structures постумные структуры, постумные дислокации
    primary structure первичная структура
    primary sedimentary structure первичная осадочная текстура
    primary skeletal structure первичный скелет
    prismatic structure столбчатая отдельность
    protoclastic structure протокластическая структура
    pseudoflow structure псевдофлюидальная структура
    pseudotelescope structure псевдотелескопированная структура
    ptygmatic structure птигматитовая структура
    pumiceous structure пемзовидная структура
    quadrille structure решётчатая структура
    quaqua versa structure куполовидная структура
    radiated structure радиальная [лучистая] структура
    radiolith structure радиально-лучистая [радиолитовая] структура
    ray structure лучистая структура
    reaction structure реакционная структура
    rectangular joint structure прямоугольная система трещиноватости
    reflected buried structure отражённая погребённая структура
    relict structure остаточная [реликтовая] структура
    reticulate structure петельчатая [сетчатая] структура
    reticulate fibrous structure волокнисто-сетчатая структура
    revived structure возрождённая [омоложенная] структура
    ribbon structure ленточная [полосчатая] структура
    ring(-type) structure кольцевая структура
    rodding structure брусчатовидная [верёвочная] структура
    rodlike structure столбчатая структура
    roof and wall structure структура крыши и стены
    room and pillar structure камерно-столбовая структура
    ropy flow structure волнистая флюидальная структура
    rumpled structure смятая структура
    sag structure структура проседания
    sausage structure структура размывания, будинаж
    scaly structure чешуйчатая структура
    schistose structure сланцеватая структура
    sealing-wax structure структура запечатывания
    sedimentary structure осадочная структура
    sheaf structure сноповидная структура
    shear structure структура скалывания, сдвиговая структура
    sheet(ing) structure пластовая отдельность
    shingle structure черепитчатая структура
    shingle-block structure чешуйчато-блоковая структура
    single-grain structure однозернистая структура
    slaggy structure шлаковая структура
    slaty structure сланцеватая структура
    slump structure оползневая структура
    snow-ball structure структура «снежного катыша»
    soil structure почвенная структура, структура почвы
    spheroidal structure сфероидальная структура
    spherolitic structure сферолитовая структура
    spongy structure губчатая структура
    spur-and-groove structure структура типа шпор и борозд (рифогенных образований)
    stellate structure звездчатая структура
    stratified structure слоистая структура
    stylolitic structure стилолитовая структура
    subdiabasic structure субдиабазовая структура
    subgraphic structure субграфическая структура
    subhedral structure субгедральная [гипидиоморфная] структура
    sublithographic structure сублитографская структура
    subophitic structure субофитовая структура
    superimposed structure наложенная структура
    surface structure поверхностная структура
    suture structure шовная структура
    symplex structure симплексная структура
    syngenetic structure сингенетическая текстура
    tabular structure пластинчатая структура
    taxitic structure такситовая структура
    tectonic structure тектоническая структура
    telescope structure телескопическая структура
    tepee structure шатровая структура
    tertiary structure третичная структура
    thermal structure термальная структура
    thin-skinned structure маломощная близповерхностная структура
    three-layer structure трёхслойная структура
    trachytoid structure трахитоидная структура
    twin mesh structure двойниковая петельчатая структура
    two-layer structure двухслойная структура
    Uinta structure структура типа Юинта
    underground structure структура, скрытая под поверхностью; структура, не выраженная на поверхности
    unmixing structure ликвационная структура
    unoriented structure неориентированная структура
    upright fan structure веерообразная вертикальная структура
    variolated structure вариолитовая структура
    vector structure директивная[направленная]структура
    vesicular structure пузырчатая структура
    volcanic structure вулканическая структура
    winding linear parallel structure изогнуто-линейно параллельная структура
    xenoikic structure разновидность пойкилитовой структуры
    xenomorphic structure ксеноморфная структура
    zonal structure зональная структура
    * * *

    English-Russian dictionary of geology > structure

  • 18 dust

    1) пыль

    2) вытирать пыль
    3) дуст
    4) обеспыливающий
    5) пропудривать
    6) пылевой
    7) пылить
    8) порошок
    – abrasive dust
    – airborne dust
    – blast-furnace dust
    – blasting dust
    – carbon dust
    – carry off dust
    – coal dust
    – coarse dust
    – cosmic dust
    – current-conducting dust
    – diamond dust
    – drill dust
    – dust catalyst
    – dust catcher
    – dust catching
    – dust collecting
    – dust content
    – dust control
    – dust counter
    – dust feeder
    – dust filter
    – dust generation
    – dust hopper
    – dust iron
    – dust loading
    – dust particle
    – dust removal
    – dust settles
    – dust suppression
    – dust trap
    – emery dust
    – explosive dust
    – fine dust
    – generate dust
    – gold dust
    – ingress of dust
    – injurious dust
    – non-injurious dust
    – ore dust
    – put on dust cover
    – radioactive dust
    – stone dust
    – wet dust
    – zinc dust

    dust carrying away — пылеунос


    dust exhaust fan — пылевой вентилятор


    dust lodges on — пыль отлагается на


    flue dust car — вагон для сбора колошниковой пыли


    flue dust escape — вынос пыли


    grouped dust collector — <ecol.> пылеуловитель батарейный


    star dust feeder — барабанный пылепитатель

    Англо-русский технический словарь > dust

  • 19 sintered

    1) спеченный

    2) синтерированный
    3) сцементированный
    4) <engin.> металлизованный
    5) плавленный
    – sintered alloy
    – sintered bar
    – sintered lining
    – sintered material
    – sintered ore

    sintered diamond powder — <tech.> дисмит

    Англо-русский технический словарь > sintered

  • 20 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

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